Concat two audio files via ffmpeg filter_complex
If I try to concat two mp4 video files via -filter_complex
using command:
ffmpeg -i a.mp4 -i b.mp4 -filter_complex
"[0:1] [0:0] [1:1] [1:0] concat=n=2:v=1:a=1 [v] [a]"
-map [v] -map [a] -y testfull.mp4
It works fine but if I try similar with audio files like:
ffmpeg -i a.mp3 -i b.mp3 -filter_complex
"[0:1] [0:0] [1:1] [1:0] concat=n=2:a=1 [a]"
-map [a] -y testfull.mp3
Error arises:
Input #1, mp3, from 'b.mp3': Metadata:
major_brand : mp42
minor_version : 0
compatible_brands: isomavc1mp42
creation_time : 2010-12-13 21:15:11
encoder : Lavf53.4.0 Duration: 00:02:01.61, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 64 kb/s
Stream #1:0: Audio: mp3, 8000 Hz, stereo, s16p, 64 kb/s
Stream specifier ':1' in filtergraph description [0:1] [0:0] [1:1] [1:0] concat= n=2:a=1 [a] matches no streams.
If I modify -filter_complex
argument and run command as:
ffmpeg -i a.mp3 -i b.mp3 -filter_complex
"concat=n=2:a=1 [a]" -map [a] -y testfull.mp3
The following error arises
Input #1, mp3, from 'b.mp3': Metadata:
major_brand : mp42
minor_version : 0
compatible_brands: isomavc1mp42
creation_time : 2010-12-13 21:15:11
encoder : Lavf53.4.0 Duration: 00:02:01.61, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 64 kb/s
Stream #1:0: Audio: mp3, 8000 Hz, stereo, s16p, 64 kb/s
Cannot find a matching stream for unlabeled input pad 0 on filter Parsed_concat_ 0
Can anyone help me how can I join two audio files via latest ffmpeg
builds possibly with -filter_complex
.
Update: Ok, resolved my issue with this ffmpeg
command:
ffmpeg -i "concat:a.mp3|b.mp3" -c copy output.mp3
ffmpeg
add a comment |
If I try to concat two mp4 video files via -filter_complex
using command:
ffmpeg -i a.mp4 -i b.mp4 -filter_complex
"[0:1] [0:0] [1:1] [1:0] concat=n=2:v=1:a=1 [v] [a]"
-map [v] -map [a] -y testfull.mp4
It works fine but if I try similar with audio files like:
ffmpeg -i a.mp3 -i b.mp3 -filter_complex
"[0:1] [0:0] [1:1] [1:0] concat=n=2:a=1 [a]"
-map [a] -y testfull.mp3
Error arises:
Input #1, mp3, from 'b.mp3': Metadata:
major_brand : mp42
minor_version : 0
compatible_brands: isomavc1mp42
creation_time : 2010-12-13 21:15:11
encoder : Lavf53.4.0 Duration: 00:02:01.61, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 64 kb/s
Stream #1:0: Audio: mp3, 8000 Hz, stereo, s16p, 64 kb/s
Stream specifier ':1' in filtergraph description [0:1] [0:0] [1:1] [1:0] concat= n=2:a=1 [a] matches no streams.
If I modify -filter_complex
argument and run command as:
ffmpeg -i a.mp3 -i b.mp3 -filter_complex
"concat=n=2:a=1 [a]" -map [a] -y testfull.mp3
The following error arises
Input #1, mp3, from 'b.mp3': Metadata:
major_brand : mp42
minor_version : 0
compatible_brands: isomavc1mp42
creation_time : 2010-12-13 21:15:11
encoder : Lavf53.4.0 Duration: 00:02:01.61, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 64 kb/s
Stream #1:0: Audio: mp3, 8000 Hz, stereo, s16p, 64 kb/s
Cannot find a matching stream for unlabeled input pad 0 on filter Parsed_concat_ 0
Can anyone help me how can I join two audio files via latest ffmpeg
builds possibly with -filter_complex
.
Update: Ok, resolved my issue with this ffmpeg
command:
ffmpeg -i "concat:a.mp3|b.mp3" -c copy output.mp3
ffmpeg
add a comment |
If I try to concat two mp4 video files via -filter_complex
using command:
ffmpeg -i a.mp4 -i b.mp4 -filter_complex
"[0:1] [0:0] [1:1] [1:0] concat=n=2:v=1:a=1 [v] [a]"
-map [v] -map [a] -y testfull.mp4
It works fine but if I try similar with audio files like:
ffmpeg -i a.mp3 -i b.mp3 -filter_complex
"[0:1] [0:0] [1:1] [1:0] concat=n=2:a=1 [a]"
-map [a] -y testfull.mp3
Error arises:
Input #1, mp3, from 'b.mp3': Metadata:
major_brand : mp42
minor_version : 0
compatible_brands: isomavc1mp42
creation_time : 2010-12-13 21:15:11
encoder : Lavf53.4.0 Duration: 00:02:01.61, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 64 kb/s
Stream #1:0: Audio: mp3, 8000 Hz, stereo, s16p, 64 kb/s
Stream specifier ':1' in filtergraph description [0:1] [0:0] [1:1] [1:0] concat= n=2:a=1 [a] matches no streams.
If I modify -filter_complex
argument and run command as:
ffmpeg -i a.mp3 -i b.mp3 -filter_complex
"concat=n=2:a=1 [a]" -map [a] -y testfull.mp3
The following error arises
Input #1, mp3, from 'b.mp3': Metadata:
major_brand : mp42
minor_version : 0
compatible_brands: isomavc1mp42
creation_time : 2010-12-13 21:15:11
encoder : Lavf53.4.0 Duration: 00:02:01.61, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 64 kb/s
Stream #1:0: Audio: mp3, 8000 Hz, stereo, s16p, 64 kb/s
Cannot find a matching stream for unlabeled input pad 0 on filter Parsed_concat_ 0
Can anyone help me how can I join two audio files via latest ffmpeg
builds possibly with -filter_complex
.
Update: Ok, resolved my issue with this ffmpeg
command:
ffmpeg -i "concat:a.mp3|b.mp3" -c copy output.mp3
ffmpeg
If I try to concat two mp4 video files via -filter_complex
using command:
ffmpeg -i a.mp4 -i b.mp4 -filter_complex
"[0:1] [0:0] [1:1] [1:0] concat=n=2:v=1:a=1 [v] [a]"
-map [v] -map [a] -y testfull.mp4
It works fine but if I try similar with audio files like:
ffmpeg -i a.mp3 -i b.mp3 -filter_complex
"[0:1] [0:0] [1:1] [1:0] concat=n=2:a=1 [a]"
-map [a] -y testfull.mp3
Error arises:
Input #1, mp3, from 'b.mp3': Metadata:
major_brand : mp42
minor_version : 0
compatible_brands: isomavc1mp42
creation_time : 2010-12-13 21:15:11
encoder : Lavf53.4.0 Duration: 00:02:01.61, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 64 kb/s
Stream #1:0: Audio: mp3, 8000 Hz, stereo, s16p, 64 kb/s
Stream specifier ':1' in filtergraph description [0:1] [0:0] [1:1] [1:0] concat= n=2:a=1 [a] matches no streams.
If I modify -filter_complex
argument and run command as:
ffmpeg -i a.mp3 -i b.mp3 -filter_complex
"concat=n=2:a=1 [a]" -map [a] -y testfull.mp3
The following error arises
Input #1, mp3, from 'b.mp3': Metadata:
major_brand : mp42
minor_version : 0
compatible_brands: isomavc1mp42
creation_time : 2010-12-13 21:15:11
encoder : Lavf53.4.0 Duration: 00:02:01.61, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 64 kb/s
Stream #1:0: Audio: mp3, 8000 Hz, stereo, s16p, 64 kb/s
Cannot find a matching stream for unlabeled input pad 0 on filter Parsed_concat_ 0
Can anyone help me how can I join two audio files via latest ffmpeg
builds possibly with -filter_complex
.
Update: Ok, resolved my issue with this ffmpeg
command:
ffmpeg -i "concat:a.mp3|b.mp3" -c copy output.mp3
ffmpeg
ffmpeg
edited Nov 17 '14 at 5:34
llogan
25.7k54782
25.7k54782
asked Nov 17 '14 at 1:40
irfanmcsdirfanmcsd
10615
10615
add a comment |
add a comment |
4 Answers
4
active
oldest
votes
Just to make things clear [0:1] [0:0] [1:1] [1:0]
refers to the streams from the 2 files.
In your case:
[0:1] is video from first file
[0:0] is audio from first file
[1:1] is video from second file
[1:0] is audio from second file
In the case of mp3 files video streams do not exist. So you should drop the video stream references in the command.
In case of your last command that works- yes that is a valid solution for mp3 files.
yes i dropped but still get errors. resolved my issue by directly concatenating streams instead of using filters
– irfanmcsd
Nov 19 '14 at 2:40
add a comment |
you have to tell the concat filter that there will be no video: v=0
and you don't need to address video stream [0:0]
[1:0]
either, so the command would be like:
ffmpeg -i a.mp3 -i b.mp3 -filter_complex
"[0:a] [1:a] concat=n=2:v=0:a=1 [a]"
-map [a] -c:a mp3 testfull.mp3
This won't work. MP3s are single stream, so[0:1][1:1]
will fail. Use[0:a][1:a]
Also, you can't copy stream when using filters, so it will be-c:a mp3
– Gyan
Sep 7 '16 at 12:56
add a comment |
n is the number of STREAM SEGMENTS, NOT INPUT FILES
from the concat docs
The filter works on segments of synchronized video and audio streams. All segments must have the same number of streams of each type, and that will also be the number of streams at output.
The filter accepts the following options:
n - Set the number of segments. Default is 2.
I have been battling this the past few days and have been reading this question and its responses over and over. i was merging a PNG sequence (input 0) with a WAV file (input 1) and kept getting the same error
Cannot find a matching stream for unlabeled input pad 0 on filter Parsed_concat_ 0
After upteen trials and fails, i fell upon n=1 (ie one desired output stream) with v=1:a=1 ... ie one video and one audio input stream.. aka concat ONE SEGMENT comprised of a video from input 0 and audio from input 1 and tada it worked just fine.
full cmdline
ffmpeg -i '/var/tmp/input.%04d.png -i '/var/tmp/input.wav' -filter_complex '[0:v:0] [1:a:0] concat=n=1:v=1:a=1 [vout] [aout]' -map '[vout]' -map '[aout]' -vcodec 'mjpeg' '/var/tmp/output.mov'
add a comment |
You have to mix the audio streams:
ffmpeg -i 1.mp4 -i 1.3gp -i 2.3gp -i 1.mp3
-filter_complex "[2]adelay=10000|10000[s2];[3:a][1:a][s2]amix=3[a]"
-map 0:v -map "[a]" -c:v copy result.mp4
add a comment |
Your Answer
StackExchange.ready(function() {
var channelOptions = {
tags: "".split(" "),
id: "3"
};
initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);
StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function() {
// Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled) {
StackExchange.using("snippets", function() {
createEditor();
});
}
else {
createEditor();
}
});
function createEditor() {
StackExchange.prepareEditor({
heartbeatType: 'answer',
autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
convertImagesToLinks: true,
noModals: true,
showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
reputationToPostImages: 10,
bindNavPrevention: true,
postfix: "",
imageUploader: {
brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
allowUrls: true
},
onDemand: true,
discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
});
}
});
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
StackExchange.ready(
function () {
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fsuperuser.com%2fquestions%2f841062%2fconcat-two-audio-files-via-ffmpeg-filter-complex%23new-answer', 'question_page');
}
);
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
4 Answers
4
active
oldest
votes
4 Answers
4
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
Just to make things clear [0:1] [0:0] [1:1] [1:0]
refers to the streams from the 2 files.
In your case:
[0:1] is video from first file
[0:0] is audio from first file
[1:1] is video from second file
[1:0] is audio from second file
In the case of mp3 files video streams do not exist. So you should drop the video stream references in the command.
In case of your last command that works- yes that is a valid solution for mp3 files.
yes i dropped but still get errors. resolved my issue by directly concatenating streams instead of using filters
– irfanmcsd
Nov 19 '14 at 2:40
add a comment |
Just to make things clear [0:1] [0:0] [1:1] [1:0]
refers to the streams from the 2 files.
In your case:
[0:1] is video from first file
[0:0] is audio from first file
[1:1] is video from second file
[1:0] is audio from second file
In the case of mp3 files video streams do not exist. So you should drop the video stream references in the command.
In case of your last command that works- yes that is a valid solution for mp3 files.
yes i dropped but still get errors. resolved my issue by directly concatenating streams instead of using filters
– irfanmcsd
Nov 19 '14 at 2:40
add a comment |
Just to make things clear [0:1] [0:0] [1:1] [1:0]
refers to the streams from the 2 files.
In your case:
[0:1] is video from first file
[0:0] is audio from first file
[1:1] is video from second file
[1:0] is audio from second file
In the case of mp3 files video streams do not exist. So you should drop the video stream references in the command.
In case of your last command that works- yes that is a valid solution for mp3 files.
Just to make things clear [0:1] [0:0] [1:1] [1:0]
refers to the streams from the 2 files.
In your case:
[0:1] is video from first file
[0:0] is audio from first file
[1:1] is video from second file
[1:0] is audio from second file
In the case of mp3 files video streams do not exist. So you should drop the video stream references in the command.
In case of your last command that works- yes that is a valid solution for mp3 files.
answered Nov 18 '14 at 13:53
RajibRajib
2,1531022
2,1531022
yes i dropped but still get errors. resolved my issue by directly concatenating streams instead of using filters
– irfanmcsd
Nov 19 '14 at 2:40
add a comment |
yes i dropped but still get errors. resolved my issue by directly concatenating streams instead of using filters
– irfanmcsd
Nov 19 '14 at 2:40
yes i dropped but still get errors. resolved my issue by directly concatenating streams instead of using filters
– irfanmcsd
Nov 19 '14 at 2:40
yes i dropped but still get errors. resolved my issue by directly concatenating streams instead of using filters
– irfanmcsd
Nov 19 '14 at 2:40
add a comment |
you have to tell the concat filter that there will be no video: v=0
and you don't need to address video stream [0:0]
[1:0]
either, so the command would be like:
ffmpeg -i a.mp3 -i b.mp3 -filter_complex
"[0:a] [1:a] concat=n=2:v=0:a=1 [a]"
-map [a] -c:a mp3 testfull.mp3
This won't work. MP3s are single stream, so[0:1][1:1]
will fail. Use[0:a][1:a]
Also, you can't copy stream when using filters, so it will be-c:a mp3
– Gyan
Sep 7 '16 at 12:56
add a comment |
you have to tell the concat filter that there will be no video: v=0
and you don't need to address video stream [0:0]
[1:0]
either, so the command would be like:
ffmpeg -i a.mp3 -i b.mp3 -filter_complex
"[0:a] [1:a] concat=n=2:v=0:a=1 [a]"
-map [a] -c:a mp3 testfull.mp3
This won't work. MP3s are single stream, so[0:1][1:1]
will fail. Use[0:a][1:a]
Also, you can't copy stream when using filters, so it will be-c:a mp3
– Gyan
Sep 7 '16 at 12:56
add a comment |
you have to tell the concat filter that there will be no video: v=0
and you don't need to address video stream [0:0]
[1:0]
either, so the command would be like:
ffmpeg -i a.mp3 -i b.mp3 -filter_complex
"[0:a] [1:a] concat=n=2:v=0:a=1 [a]"
-map [a] -c:a mp3 testfull.mp3
you have to tell the concat filter that there will be no video: v=0
and you don't need to address video stream [0:0]
[1:0]
either, so the command would be like:
ffmpeg -i a.mp3 -i b.mp3 -filter_complex
"[0:a] [1:a] concat=n=2:v=0:a=1 [a]"
-map [a] -c:a mp3 testfull.mp3
edited Sep 12 '16 at 7:26
Gyan
15.2k21845
15.2k21845
answered Sep 7 '16 at 12:08
RumczeisRumczeis
12
12
This won't work. MP3s are single stream, so[0:1][1:1]
will fail. Use[0:a][1:a]
Also, you can't copy stream when using filters, so it will be-c:a mp3
– Gyan
Sep 7 '16 at 12:56
add a comment |
This won't work. MP3s are single stream, so[0:1][1:1]
will fail. Use[0:a][1:a]
Also, you can't copy stream when using filters, so it will be-c:a mp3
– Gyan
Sep 7 '16 at 12:56
This won't work. MP3s are single stream, so
[0:1][1:1]
will fail. Use [0:a][1:a]
Also, you can't copy stream when using filters, so it will be -c:a mp3
– Gyan
Sep 7 '16 at 12:56
This won't work. MP3s are single stream, so
[0:1][1:1]
will fail. Use [0:a][1:a]
Also, you can't copy stream when using filters, so it will be -c:a mp3
– Gyan
Sep 7 '16 at 12:56
add a comment |
n is the number of STREAM SEGMENTS, NOT INPUT FILES
from the concat docs
The filter works on segments of synchronized video and audio streams. All segments must have the same number of streams of each type, and that will also be the number of streams at output.
The filter accepts the following options:
n - Set the number of segments. Default is 2.
I have been battling this the past few days and have been reading this question and its responses over and over. i was merging a PNG sequence (input 0) with a WAV file (input 1) and kept getting the same error
Cannot find a matching stream for unlabeled input pad 0 on filter Parsed_concat_ 0
After upteen trials and fails, i fell upon n=1 (ie one desired output stream) with v=1:a=1 ... ie one video and one audio input stream.. aka concat ONE SEGMENT comprised of a video from input 0 and audio from input 1 and tada it worked just fine.
full cmdline
ffmpeg -i '/var/tmp/input.%04d.png -i '/var/tmp/input.wav' -filter_complex '[0:v:0] [1:a:0] concat=n=1:v=1:a=1 [vout] [aout]' -map '[vout]' -map '[aout]' -vcodec 'mjpeg' '/var/tmp/output.mov'
add a comment |
n is the number of STREAM SEGMENTS, NOT INPUT FILES
from the concat docs
The filter works on segments of synchronized video and audio streams. All segments must have the same number of streams of each type, and that will also be the number of streams at output.
The filter accepts the following options:
n - Set the number of segments. Default is 2.
I have been battling this the past few days and have been reading this question and its responses over and over. i was merging a PNG sequence (input 0) with a WAV file (input 1) and kept getting the same error
Cannot find a matching stream for unlabeled input pad 0 on filter Parsed_concat_ 0
After upteen trials and fails, i fell upon n=1 (ie one desired output stream) with v=1:a=1 ... ie one video and one audio input stream.. aka concat ONE SEGMENT comprised of a video from input 0 and audio from input 1 and tada it worked just fine.
full cmdline
ffmpeg -i '/var/tmp/input.%04d.png -i '/var/tmp/input.wav' -filter_complex '[0:v:0] [1:a:0] concat=n=1:v=1:a=1 [vout] [aout]' -map '[vout]' -map '[aout]' -vcodec 'mjpeg' '/var/tmp/output.mov'
add a comment |
n is the number of STREAM SEGMENTS, NOT INPUT FILES
from the concat docs
The filter works on segments of synchronized video and audio streams. All segments must have the same number of streams of each type, and that will also be the number of streams at output.
The filter accepts the following options:
n - Set the number of segments. Default is 2.
I have been battling this the past few days and have been reading this question and its responses over and over. i was merging a PNG sequence (input 0) with a WAV file (input 1) and kept getting the same error
Cannot find a matching stream for unlabeled input pad 0 on filter Parsed_concat_ 0
After upteen trials and fails, i fell upon n=1 (ie one desired output stream) with v=1:a=1 ... ie one video and one audio input stream.. aka concat ONE SEGMENT comprised of a video from input 0 and audio from input 1 and tada it worked just fine.
full cmdline
ffmpeg -i '/var/tmp/input.%04d.png -i '/var/tmp/input.wav' -filter_complex '[0:v:0] [1:a:0] concat=n=1:v=1:a=1 [vout] [aout]' -map '[vout]' -map '[aout]' -vcodec 'mjpeg' '/var/tmp/output.mov'
n is the number of STREAM SEGMENTS, NOT INPUT FILES
from the concat docs
The filter works on segments of synchronized video and audio streams. All segments must have the same number of streams of each type, and that will also be the number of streams at output.
The filter accepts the following options:
n - Set the number of segments. Default is 2.
I have been battling this the past few days and have been reading this question and its responses over and over. i was merging a PNG sequence (input 0) with a WAV file (input 1) and kept getting the same error
Cannot find a matching stream for unlabeled input pad 0 on filter Parsed_concat_ 0
After upteen trials and fails, i fell upon n=1 (ie one desired output stream) with v=1:a=1 ... ie one video and one audio input stream.. aka concat ONE SEGMENT comprised of a video from input 0 and audio from input 1 and tada it worked just fine.
full cmdline
ffmpeg -i '/var/tmp/input.%04d.png -i '/var/tmp/input.wav' -filter_complex '[0:v:0] [1:a:0] concat=n=1:v=1:a=1 [vout] [aout]' -map '[vout]' -map '[aout]' -vcodec 'mjpeg' '/var/tmp/output.mov'
answered Sep 15 '17 at 0:17
Sassafras_wotSassafras_wot
1,09688
1,09688
add a comment |
add a comment |
You have to mix the audio streams:
ffmpeg -i 1.mp4 -i 1.3gp -i 2.3gp -i 1.mp3
-filter_complex "[2]adelay=10000|10000[s2];[3:a][1:a][s2]amix=3[a]"
-map 0:v -map "[a]" -c:v copy result.mp4
add a comment |
You have to mix the audio streams:
ffmpeg -i 1.mp4 -i 1.3gp -i 2.3gp -i 1.mp3
-filter_complex "[2]adelay=10000|10000[s2];[3:a][1:a][s2]amix=3[a]"
-map 0:v -map "[a]" -c:v copy result.mp4
add a comment |
You have to mix the audio streams:
ffmpeg -i 1.mp4 -i 1.3gp -i 2.3gp -i 1.mp3
-filter_complex "[2]adelay=10000|10000[s2];[3:a][1:a][s2]amix=3[a]"
-map 0:v -map "[a]" -c:v copy result.mp4
You have to mix the audio streams:
ffmpeg -i 1.mp4 -i 1.3gp -i 2.3gp -i 1.mp3
-filter_complex "[2]adelay=10000|10000[s2];[3:a][1:a][s2]amix=3[a]"
-map 0:v -map "[a]" -c:v copy result.mp4
answered Jan 31 at 4:42
Mohit SharmaMohit Sharma
101
101
add a comment |
add a comment |
Thanks for contributing an answer to Super User!
- Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!
But avoid …
- Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.
- Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.
To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
StackExchange.ready(
function () {
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fsuperuser.com%2fquestions%2f841062%2fconcat-two-audio-files-via-ffmpeg-filter-complex%23new-answer', 'question_page');
}
);
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown